Networking
What Is an IP Address?
Definition of IP address and why all computers and devices need one
An IP address, short for Internet Protocol address, is an identifying number for a piece of network hardware. Having an IP address allows a device to communicate with other devices over an IP-based network like the internet.
Most IP addresses look like this:
151.101.65.121
Other IP addresses you might come across could look more like this:
2001:4860:4860::8844
There's a lot more on what those differences mean in the IP Versions (IPv4 vs IPv6) section below
What Is an IP Address Used For?
An IP address provides an identity to a networked device. Similar to a home or business address supplying that specific physical location with an identifiable address, devices on a network are differentiated from one another through IP addresses.
If I'm going to send a package to my friend in another country, I have to know the exact destination. It's not enough to just put a package with his name on it through the mail and expect it to reach him. I must instead attach a specific address to it, which you could do by looking it up in a phone book.
This same general process is used when sending data over the internet. However, instead of using a phone book to look up someone's name to find their physical address, your computer uses DNS servers to look up a hostname to find its IP address.
For example, when I enter a website like www.lifewire.com into my browser, my request to load that page is sent to DNS servers that look up that hostname (lifewire.com) to find its corresponding IP address (151.101.65.121). Without the IP address attached, my computer will have no clue what it is that I'm after.
Different Types of IP Addresses
Even if you've heard of IP addresses before, you may not realize that there are specific types of IP addresses. While all IP addresses are made up of numbers or letters, not all addresses are used for the same purpose.
There are private IP addresses, public IP addresses, static IP addresses, and dynamic IP addresses. That's quite a variety! Following those links will give you much more information on what they each mean. To add to the complexity, each type of IP address can be an IPv4 address or an IPv6 address—again, more on these at the bottom of this page.
In short, private IP addresses are used "inside" a network, like the one you probably run at home. These types of IP addresses are used to provide a way for your devices to communicate with your router and all the other devices in your private network. Private IP addresses can be set manually or assigned automatically by your router.
Public IP addresses are used on the "outside" of your network and are assigned by your ISP. It's the main address that your home or business network uses to communicate with the rest of the networked devices around the world (i.e. the internet). It provides a way for the devices in your home, for example, to reach your ISP, and therefore the outside world, allowing them to do things like access websites and communicate directly with other people's computers.
Both private IP addresses and public IP addresses are either dynamic or static, which means that, respectively, they either change or they don't.
An IP address that is assigned by a DHCP server is a dynamic IP address. If a device does not have DHCP enabled or does not support it then the IP address must be assigned manually, in which case the IP address is called a static IP address.
How to Find Your IP Address
Different devices and operating systems require unique steps to find the IP address. There are also different steps to take if you're looking for the public IP address provided to you by your ISP, or if you need to see the private IP address that your router handed out.
Public IP Address
There are lots of ways to find your router's public IP address but sites like IP Chicken, WhatsMyIP.org, or WhatIsMyIPAddress.com make this super easy. These sites work on any network-connected device that supports a web browser, like your smartphone, iPod, laptop, desktop, tablet, etc.
Finding the private IP address of the specific device you're on isn't as simple.
Private IP Address
In Windows, you can find your device's IP address via the Command Prompt, using the ipconfig command.
Tip: See How Do I Find My Default Gateway IP Address? if you need to find the IP address of your router, or whatever device that your network uses to access the public internet.
Linux users can launch a terminal window and enter the command hostname -I (that's a capital "i"), ifconfig, or ip addr show.
For macOS, use the command ifconfig to find your local IP address.
iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch devices show their private IP address through the Settings app in the Wi-Fi menu. To see it, just tap the small "i" button next to the network it's connected to.
You can see the local IP address of an Android device through Settings > Wi-Fi, or through Settings > Wireless Controls > Wi-Fi settings in some Android versions. Just tap on the network you're on to see a new window that shows network information that includes the private IP address.
IP Versions (IPv4 vs IPv6)
There are two versions of IP: IPv4 and IPv6. If you've heard of these terms, you probably know that the former is the older, and now outdated, version while IPv6 is the upgraded IP version.
One reason IPv6 is replacing IPv4 is that it can provide a much larger number of IP addresses than IPv4 allows. With all the devices we have constantly connected to the internet, it's important that there's a unique address available for each one of them.
The way IPv4 addresses are constructed means it's able to provide over 4 billion unique IP addresses (232). While this is a very large number of addresses, it's just not enough for the modern world with all the different devices people are using on the internet.
Think about it—there are several billion people on earth. Even if everyone in the planet had just one device they used to access the internet, IPv4 would still be insufficient to provide an IP address for all of them.
IPv6, on the other hand, supports a whopping 340 trillion, trillion, trillion addresses (2128). That's 340 with 12 zeroes! This means every person on earth could connect billions of devices to the internet. True, a bit of an overkill, but you can see how effectively IPv6 solves this problem.
Visualizing this helps understand just how many more IP addresses the IPv6 addressing scheme allows over IPv4. Pretend a postage stamp could provide enough space to hold each and every IPv4 address. IPv6, then, to scale, would need the entire solar system to contain all of its addresses.
In addition to the greater supply of IP addresses over IPv4, IPv6 has the added benefit of no more IP address collisions caused by private addresses, auto-configuration, no reason for Network Address Translation (NAT), more efficient routing, easier administration, built-in privacy, and more.
IPv4 displays addresses as a 32-bit numerical number written in decimal format, like 207.241.148.80 or 192.168.1.1. Because there are trillions of possible IPv6 addresses, they must be written in hexadecimal to display them, like 3ffe:1900:4545:3:200:f8ff:fe21:67cf.
OSI model
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model was created by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), an international standard-setting body. It was designed to be a reference model for describing the functions of a communication system. The OSI model provides a framework for creating and implementing networking standards and devices and describes how network applications on different computers can communicate through the network media. It has seven layers, with each layer describing a different function of data traveling through a network.
Here is the graphical representation of these layers:
Applications Presentation Session Transport Data Link Physical
The layers are usually numbered from the last one, meaning that the Physical layer is considered to be the first layer. It is useful to remember these layers, since there will certainly be a couple of questions on the CCNA exam regarding them. Most people learn the mnemonic „Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away“:
Applications - Away Presentation - Pizza Session - Sausage Transport - Throw Data Link - Not Physical - Please
So, what is the purpose of these layers?
They are most commonly used by vendors. They enable them to implement some functionality into a networking device, which then enables easier interoperability with devices from other vendors.
Here is a brief description of each of the layers of the OSI model.
Physical – defines how to move bits from one device to another. It details how cables, connectors and network interface cards are supposed to work and how to send and receive bits.Data Link – encapsulates a packet in a frame. A frame contains a header and a trailer that enable devices to communicate. A header, most commonly, contains a source and a destination MAC address. A trailer contains the Frame Check Sequence field, which is used to detect transmission errors. The data link layer has two sublayers:
1. Logical Link Control – used for flow control and error detection.
2. Media Access Control – used for hardware addressing and for controlling the access method.
Network – defines device addressing, routing, and path determination. Device (logical) addressing is used to identify a host on a network (e.g. by its IP address).Transport – segments great chunks of data received from the upper layer protocols. Establishes and terminates connections between two computers. Used for flow control and data recovery.Session – defines how to establish and terminate a session between the two systems.Presentation – defines data formats. Compression and encryption are defined at this layer.Application – this layer is the closest to the user. It enables network applications to communicate with other network applications.
The following table shows which protocols reside on which layer:
TCP/IP model
The TCP/IP model was created in the 1970s by the Defense Advance Research Project Agency (DARPA). Like the OSI model, it describes general guidelines for designing and implementing computer protocols.
It consists of four layers: Network Access, Internet, Transport, and Application.
The following picture show the comparison between the TCP/IP model and OSI model:
As you can see from the picture above, the TCP/IP model has fewer layers than the OSI model. The Application, Presentation, and Session layers of the OSI model are merged into a single layer in the TCP/IP model. Also, Physical and Data Link layers are called Network Access layer in the TCP/IP model.
Differences between OSI and TCP/IP model
There are some other differences between these two models, besides the obvious difference in the number of layers. OSI model prescribes the steps needed to transfer data over a network and it is very specific in it, defining which protocol is used at each layer and how. The TCP/IP model is not that specific. It can be said that the OSI model prescribes and TCP/IP model describes.
Definition of IP address and why all computers and devices need one
An IP address, short for Internet Protocol address, is an identifying number for a piece of network hardware. Having an IP address allows a device to communicate with other devices over an IP-based network like the internet.
Most IP addresses look like this:
151.101.65.121
Other IP addresses you might come across could look more like this:
2001:4860:4860::8844
There's a lot more on what those differences mean in the IP Versions (IPv4 vs IPv6) section below
What Is an IP Address Used For?
An IP address provides an identity to a networked device. Similar to a home or business address supplying that specific physical location with an identifiable address, devices on a network are differentiated from one another through IP addresses.
If I'm going to send a package to my friend in another country, I have to know the exact destination. It's not enough to just put a package with his name on it through the mail and expect it to reach him. I must instead attach a specific address to it, which you could do by looking it up in a phone book.
This same general process is used when sending data over the internet. However, instead of using a phone book to look up someone's name to find their physical address, your computer uses DNS servers to look up a hostname to find its IP address.
For example, when I enter a website like www.lifewire.com into my browser, my request to load that page is sent to DNS servers that look up that hostname (lifewire.com) to find its corresponding IP address (151.101.65.121). Without the IP address attached, my computer will have no clue what it is that I'm after.
Different Types of IP Addresses
Even if you've heard of IP addresses before, you may not realize that there are specific types of IP addresses. While all IP addresses are made up of numbers or letters, not all addresses are used for the same purpose.
There are private IP addresses, public IP addresses, static IP addresses, and dynamic IP addresses. That's quite a variety! Following those links will give you much more information on what they each mean. To add to the complexity, each type of IP address can be an IPv4 address or an IPv6 address—again, more on these at the bottom of this page.
In short, private IP addresses are used "inside" a network, like the one you probably run at home. These types of IP addresses are used to provide a way for your devices to communicate with your router and all the other devices in your private network. Private IP addresses can be set manually or assigned automatically by your router.
Public IP addresses are used on the "outside" of your network and are assigned by your ISP. It's the main address that your home or business network uses to communicate with the rest of the networked devices around the world (i.e. the internet). It provides a way for the devices in your home, for example, to reach your ISP, and therefore the outside world, allowing them to do things like access websites and communicate directly with other people's computers.
Both private IP addresses and public IP addresses are either dynamic or static, which means that, respectively, they either change or they don't.
An IP address that is assigned by a DHCP server is a dynamic IP address. If a device does not have DHCP enabled or does not support it then the IP address must be assigned manually, in which case the IP address is called a static IP address.
How to Find Your IP Address
Different devices and operating systems require unique steps to find the IP address. There are also different steps to take if you're looking for the public IP address provided to you by your ISP, or if you need to see the private IP address that your router handed out.
Public IP Address
There are lots of ways to find your router's public IP address but sites like IP Chicken, WhatsMyIP.org, or WhatIsMyIPAddress.com make this super easy. These sites work on any network-connected device that supports a web browser, like your smartphone, iPod, laptop, desktop, tablet, etc.
Finding the private IP address of the specific device you're on isn't as simple.
Private IP Address
In Windows, you can find your device's IP address via the Command Prompt, using the ipconfig command.
Tip: See How Do I Find My Default Gateway IP Address? if you need to find the IP address of your router, or whatever device that your network uses to access the public internet.
Linux users can launch a terminal window and enter the command hostname -I (that's a capital "i"), ifconfig, or ip addr show.
For macOS, use the command ifconfig to find your local IP address.
iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch devices show their private IP address through the Settings app in the Wi-Fi menu. To see it, just tap the small "i" button next to the network it's connected to.
You can see the local IP address of an Android device through Settings > Wi-Fi, or through Settings > Wireless Controls > Wi-Fi settings in some Android versions. Just tap on the network you're on to see a new window that shows network information that includes the private IP address.
IP Versions (IPv4 vs IPv6)
There are two versions of IP: IPv4 and IPv6. If you've heard of these terms, you probably know that the former is the older, and now outdated, version while IPv6 is the upgraded IP version.
One reason IPv6 is replacing IPv4 is that it can provide a much larger number of IP addresses than IPv4 allows. With all the devices we have constantly connected to the internet, it's important that there's a unique address available for each one of them.
The way IPv4 addresses are constructed means it's able to provide over 4 billion unique IP addresses (232). While this is a very large number of addresses, it's just not enough for the modern world with all the different devices people are using on the internet.
Think about it—there are several billion people on earth. Even if everyone in the planet had just one device they used to access the internet, IPv4 would still be insufficient to provide an IP address for all of them.
IPv6, on the other hand, supports a whopping 340 trillion, trillion, trillion addresses (2128). That's 340 with 12 zeroes! This means every person on earth could connect billions of devices to the internet. True, a bit of an overkill, but you can see how effectively IPv6 solves this problem.
Visualizing this helps understand just how many more IP addresses the IPv6 addressing scheme allows over IPv4. Pretend a postage stamp could provide enough space to hold each and every IPv4 address. IPv6, then, to scale, would need the entire solar system to contain all of its addresses.
In addition to the greater supply of IP addresses over IPv4, IPv6 has the added benefit of no more IP address collisions caused by private addresses, auto-configuration, no reason for Network Address Translation (NAT), more efficient routing, easier administration, built-in privacy, and more.
IPv4 displays addresses as a 32-bit numerical number written in decimal format, like 207.241.148.80 or 192.168.1.1. Because there are trillions of possible IPv6 addresses, they must be written in hexadecimal to display them, like 3ffe:1900:4545:3:200:f8ff:fe21:67cf.
OSI model
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model was created by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), an international standard-setting body. It was designed to be a reference model for describing the functions of a communication system. The OSI model provides a framework for creating and implementing networking standards and devices and describes how network applications on different computers can communicate through the network media. It has seven layers, with each layer describing a different function of data traveling through a network.
Here is the graphical representation of these layers:
Applications Presentation Session Transport Data Link Physical
The layers are usually numbered from the last one, meaning that the Physical layer is considered to be the first layer. It is useful to remember these layers, since there will certainly be a couple of questions on the CCNA exam regarding them. Most people learn the mnemonic „Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away“:
Applications - Away Presentation - Pizza Session - Sausage Transport - Throw Data Link - Not Physical - Please
So, what is the purpose of these layers?
They are most commonly used by vendors. They enable them to implement some functionality into a networking device, which then enables easier interoperability with devices from other vendors.
Here is a brief description of each of the layers of the OSI model.
Physical – defines how to move bits from one device to another. It details how cables, connectors and network interface cards are supposed to work and how to send and receive bits.Data Link – encapsulates a packet in a frame. A frame contains a header and a trailer that enable devices to communicate. A header, most commonly, contains a source and a destination MAC address. A trailer contains the Frame Check Sequence field, which is used to detect transmission errors. The data link layer has two sublayers:
1. Logical Link Control – used for flow control and error detection.
2. Media Access Control – used for hardware addressing and for controlling the access method.
Network – defines device addressing, routing, and path determination. Device (logical) addressing is used to identify a host on a network (e.g. by its IP address).Transport – segments great chunks of data received from the upper layer protocols. Establishes and terminates connections between two computers. Used for flow control and data recovery.Session – defines how to establish and terminate a session between the two systems.Presentation – defines data formats. Compression and encryption are defined at this layer.Application – this layer is the closest to the user. It enables network applications to communicate with other network applications.
The following table shows which protocols reside on which layer:
TCP/IP model
The TCP/IP model was created in the 1970s by the Defense Advance Research Project Agency (DARPA). Like the OSI model, it describes general guidelines for designing and implementing computer protocols.
It consists of four layers: Network Access, Internet, Transport, and Application.
The following picture show the comparison between the TCP/IP model and OSI model:
As you can see from the picture above, the TCP/IP model has fewer layers than the OSI model. The Application, Presentation, and Session layers of the OSI model are merged into a single layer in the TCP/IP model. Also, Physical and Data Link layers are called Network Access layer in the TCP/IP model.
Differences between OSI and TCP/IP model
There are some other differences between these two models, besides the obvious difference in the number of layers. OSI model prescribes the steps needed to transfer data over a network and it is very specific in it, defining which protocol is used at each layer and how. The TCP/IP model is not that specific. It can be said that the OSI model prescribes and TCP/IP model describes.
Comments
Post a Comment